What can cause bleeding or swollen gums?

Why gums can bleed or swell

Plaque collecting around the gum line can irritate the gums and contribute to redness, swelling or bleeding. Other factors, including cleaning technique, tobacco use, certain medicines, relevant health conditions and local dental problems, may also affect the gums.

Bleeding should not be assumed to be harmless or treated as a diagnosis by itself. The pattern, duration and condition of the surrounding teeth and tissues all matter.

How gum health is assessed

The dentist may ask when the symptoms started, whether they occur in one area or throughout the mouth, and about home care, smoking or tobacco use, medicines and relevant health history. The examination may assess plaque and calculus, gum inflammation, gum support, tooth mobility and other possible causes.

Dental X-rays may be recommended when clinically indicated to assess supporting bone or other concerns. Not every patient needs the same records or tests.

• Mention persistent bleeding, swelling, soreness or bad taste
• Tell the dentist about loose teeth or changes in the way teeth meet
• Bring an up-to-date medicine list where relevant

What treatment may involve

Care depends on the findings and severity. It may include personalised cleaning instruction, removal of hard deposits, management of contributing factors, deeper gum treatment, review appointments or referral where appropriate.

A routine scale and polish is not necessarily the same as treatment for more advanced gum disease. The dentist should explain the diagnosis, alternatives, expected maintenance and any limitations before treatment.

Daily care between appointments

Regular brushing with fluoride toothpaste and cleaning between the teeth help control plaque. The most suitable interdental brush, floss or other aid depends on the spaces between the teeth and the patient’s ability to use it safely.

Do not stop cleaning solely because the gums bleed, but avoid forceful techniques that injure the tissues. Ask the dental team to demonstrate an appropriate method if cleaning is uncomfortable or difficult.

When to seek prompt care

Arrange dental assessment for persistent bleeding, painful or swollen gums, bad breath that does not improve, gum recession, loose teeth, ulcers, red patches or a new lump in the mouth.

Rapidly increasing facial swelling, difficulty breathing or swallowing, uncontrolled bleeding or feeling seriously unwell requires urgent appropriate healthcare assessment.